Indulging deeper than the scale of Nanotechnology, i.e., the scale of Angstrotechnology, and analyzing matter/material in the electronic and ionic scales shall flourish new understanding, and thus novel applications. The advent of smart/functional materials indeed necessitates this view of deeper indulgence into the movement of electrons and ions and developing ever more novel understanding and thus new applications of materials. Materials behave differently as a result of variation in the movement of electrons, which inherently depends on the interatomic bonding. Atoms provide housing and residence to the electrons, and upon interactions with each other, interatomic bonding forms. For instance, sea of electrons forms the metallic bonding, providing free electrons for ease of electronic conductivity, while sharing of electrons constitutes the covalent bonding, whereby the electrons are bound from free movement and thus dielectric/insulative properties emerge, such as in electro-ceramics. Small addition of nanomaterials such as graphene to some polymers produces nano-biomaterials which possess adequate conductivity for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The electronic properties of nano-biomaterials are also related to the movement of electrons that ultimately determines their behavior. Needless to say, that the density of electrons and/or ions involved in the properties/applications would be of utmost importance. The following aspects regarding the scientific and engineering aspects of advanced materials are of particular interest:
(1) Electronic materials; all types of materials with the view of how electron movements play any significant role in portraying the final properties, from semiconductors to optoelectronic materials.
(2) Ionic materials; any type of materials whose properties are dependent on the formation and movement of ions.
(3) Electronic/ionic materials; how the combination of electrons and ions and their movements determine the final properties.
(4) Magnetic materials; the role electrons play in generating and maintaining magnetism in various materials.
(5) Biological materials; electronic transfers and configurations at the subatomic level that provide any aspects of the cells’ behaviors.
(6) Simulations concerning multi-scale design and characterization of materials for any as-yet undiscovered applications.